|
Prior to 1750:
|
|
Plants used for food
|
|
|
Animals used for food and to do work
|
|
|
Plants domesticated, selectively bred for desired characteristics
|
|
|
Microorganisms used to make cheese, beverages, and bread by fermentation
|
|
1979:
|
Edward Jenner
|
Used living microorganisms to protect people from disease
|
|
1750-1850:
|
|
Increased cultivation of leguminous crops and crop rotations to increase yield and land use
|
|
1864:
|
Louis Pasteur
|
Proved existence of microrganisms; showed that all living things are produced by other living things
|
|
1865:
|
Gregor Mendel
|
Investigated how traits are passed from generation to generation (called them factors)
|
|
1893:
|
Pasteur Koch
|
Fermentation process patented
|
|
Lister
|
Institutes Diphtheria antitoxin isolation
|
|
1918:
|
|
Yeast grown in large quantities for animal feed and glycerol
|
|
|
Made activated sludge for sewage treatment process
|
|
1927:
|
Herman Mueller
|
Increased mutation rate in fruit flies by exposing them to x-rays
|
|
1928:
|
Alexander Fleming
|
Discovered antibiotic properties of certain molds
|
|
1920-1930:
|
|
Plant hybridization
|
|
1941:
|
George Beadle & Edward Tatum
|
Proposed "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis
|
|
1944:
|
Oswald Avery
|
Performed DNA tranformation experiment with bacteria
|
|
1953:
|
Crick & Watson
|
Determined the double helix structure of DNA
|
|
1958:
|
Coenberg
|
Discovered DNA polymerase
|
|
1971:
|
|
Discovery of restriction enzymes
|
|
1972:
|
Paul Berg
|
Cut sections of viral DNA and bacterial DNA with restriction enzymes
|
|
1973:
|
Stanley Cohen
|
Produced first recombinant DNA organism
|
|
1977:
|
|
First practical application of genetic engineering
|
|
1978:
|
Genentech, Inc.
|
Genetic engineering techniques used to produce human insulin in E. coli
|
|
1983:
|
Genentech, Inc.
|
Licensed Eli Lily to make insulin
|
|
1986:
|
|
First field trials of recombinant plants resistant to insects, viruses, bacteria
|
